Monday, November 26, 2012

vishishtadvaita

Vishishtadvaita
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Vishishtadvaita

Interest
Vishishtadvaita Vedanta (IAST Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta; Sanskrit: विशिष्टाद्वैत) is a sub-school of the Vedānta (literally, end or the goal of Knowledge, Sanskrit) school of Hindu philosophy, the other major sub-schools of Vedānta being Advaita, Dvaita, and Achintya-Bheda-Abheda. VishishtAdvaita (literally "Advaita with uniqueness/qualifications") is a non-dualistic school of Vedanta philosophy. It is non-dualism of the qualified whole, in which Brahman alone exists, but is characterised by multiplicity. It can be described as qualified monism/nondualism or attributive monism.
Asesha Chit-Achit Prakaaram Brahmaikameva Tatvam - Brahman as qualified by the sentient and insentient modes (aspects or attributes) is the only reality.
It is a school of Vedanta philosophy which believes in all diversity subsuming to an underlying unity. Ramanuja, the main proponent of Visishtadvaita philosophy contends that the Prasthana Traya ("The three courses") i.e. Upanişads, Bhagavad Gītā, and Brahma Sūtras are to be interpreted in way that shows this unity in diversity, for any other way would violate their consistency.

Philosophers

The VisishtAdvaitic thought is considered to have existed for a long time, and it is surmised that the earliest works are no longer available. The names of the earliest of these philosophers is only known through Ramanuja's Veda artha Sangraha. In the line of the philosophers considered to have expounded the VisishtAdvaitic system, the prominent ones are Bodhayana, Dramida, Tanka, Guhadeva, Kapardi and Bharuci. Besides these philosophers, Ramanuja's teacher Yamunacharya is credited with laying the foundation for what culminates as the Sri Bhashya.
Bodhayana is considered to have written an extensive vritti (commentary) on the Purva and Uttara Mimamsas. Tanka is attributed with having written commentaries on Chandogya Upanishad and Brahma Sutras. Nathamuni of the ninth century AD, the foremost Acharya of the Vaishnavas, collected the Tamil prabandhas, classified them, made the redaction, set the hymns to music and spread them everywhere. He is said to have received the divine hymns straight from Nammalvar, the foremost of the twelve Alwars, by yogic insight in the temple at Alwar Thirunagari, which is located near Tirunelveli in South India. Yamunacharya renounced kingship and spent his last days in the service of the Lord at Srirangam and in laying the fundamentals of the Vishishtadvaita philosophy by writing four basic works on the subject.
Ramanuja is the main proponent of VisishtAdvaita philosophy. The philosophy itself is considered to have existed long before Ramanuja's time. Ramanuja continues along the line of thought of his predecessors while expounding the knowledge expressed in the Upanishads, Brahma Sutras and Bhagavad Gita. Vedanta Desika and Pillai Lokacharya, disciples in the tradition of Ramanuja, had minor disagreements not on the philosophy, but on some aspects of the theology, giving rise to the Vadakalai and Thenkalai schools of thought, as explained below.
Swaminarayan, the founder of the Swaminarayan Sampraday (original name is Uddhav Sampraday) also propagated this philosophy and based the Swaminarayan Sampraday on these ideals.
Sri Dharma Pravartaka Acharya (1963 ->), founder of the International Sanatana Dharma Society, is also a follower of VisishtAdvaita philosophy.

Key Principles of Vishishtadvaita

There are three key principles of VishishtAdvaita:
  • Tattva: The knowledge of the 3 real entities namely, jIvA (the sentient); Jagat (the insentient) and Ishvara (Vishnu-Narayana or Parabrahman)
  • Hita: The means of realisation i.e. through Bhakti (devotion) and Prapatti (self-surrender)
  • PurushArtha: The goal to be attained i.e. moksha or liberation from bondage.
Hinduism propounds that every living being, be it a human or animal, has a body and a soul(consciousness) and the bridge between the two is the mind(a mixture of both). If there is an imbalance between any of these three components it can result in illness and 'death'. 'Death' as we know it,is the ceasing of the body to function and therefore the soul which is immortal will have to migrate to another body and occupy some-other mind thereby creating consciousness there, be it a human or animal depending upon the 'karma' or 'past deeds' done in the previous physical body/bodies or life/lives. Central to the philosophy of Hinduism is 'BRAHMAN' which is the embodiment of all souls and therefore the ultimate consciousness. BRAHMAN is infinite, has no dimensions, and is embodiment of all knowledge and the absolute truth and therefore the ultimate bliss and enlightenment for all souls. To join BRAHMAN is the ultimate goal of all souls, a soul can only join BRAHMAN upon becoming perfect, until such time the soul will have to keep changing bodies and experience events based on its karma in-order to perfect itself and therefore - continues the cycle of birth and death. BRAHMAN is also the sum total of the trinity gods( and avatars) worshiped by Hindus viz. 1.Brahma-the creator 2. Vishnu-the protector 3. Shiva or Maheshwara -the destroyer. Brahma is responsible for sending the part of the BRAHMAN which was imperfect to perfect itself on earth and for that purpose created various levels of physical form. Vishnu who is the protector pronounces that one must perform ones DHARMA or duty or follow the laws in-order to obtain good karma and hence graduate to a high physical and mental form and finally join the ultimate BRAHMAN. 3. Maheshwara or Shiva is the god of destruction and 'death' says that just like how a new star can only be born upon the destruction of an old star which has been burning bright, just so do we find that only in complete destruction is there creation and that the ultimate truth,immortality and permanence is in the soul which joins the BRAHMAN and that physical matter is only recycled over and over again. A soul will have been successful when it stops getting recycled like how lowly and unconscious physical matter does. Therefore 'death' is not the end as the soul is immortal and endless.
According to Ramanujacharya, Brahma creates physical form and Maheshwara or shiva destroys physical form, while Vishnu who is BRAHMAN shows us(the souls) the path or teaches us how to attain Moksha and join BRAHMAN by following the Dharmas of life. Therefore Ramanujan's Vishnavite followers believe that we are all flawed souls who are roaming earth in physical form and therefore are not god . All living beings are not god because they are here to pass the test of Dharma and Karma and only upon joining BRAHMAN will they become the embodiment of truth . These two reasons are the cause for rejecting the advaitha and dwaitha philosophy by Ramanujan followers. Ramanujan therefore believes that God or Vinshnu or BRAHMAN is the greatest and we are all mere mortals striving to achieve moksha.

Epistemology

Pramāṇas

Pramā, in Sanskrit, refers to the correct knowledge, arrived at by thorough reasoning, of any object. {{IAST|[[Pramāṇa}} (sources of knowledge, Sanskrit) forms one part of a tripuṭi (trio), namely,
  1. Pramātṛ, the subject; the knower of the knowledge
  2. Pramāṇa, the cause or the means of the knowledge
  3. Prameya, the object of knowledge
In VisishtAdvaita Vedānta, the following three pramāṇas are alone accepted as valid means of knowledge:
  • Pratyakṣa — the knowledge gained by means of perception
  • Anumāna — the knowledge gained by means of inference
  • śabda — the knowledge gained by means of Śruti
Perception refers to knowledge obtained by cognition of external objects based on sensory perception. In the modern day usage this will also include evidence obtained by means of observation through scientific instruments since they are only an extension of perception.
Inference refers to knowledge obtained by deductive reasoning and analysis.
Sruti refers to knowledge obtained from scriptures which primarily are Upanishads, Brahma Sutras and Bhagavad Gita

Rules of Epistemology

There are three rules of hierarchy when there is apparent conflict between the 3 modes of acquiring knowledge:
  • śabda or Śruti Pramāṇa occupies the highest position in matters which cannot be settled or resolved by Pratyakṣa or Anumāna.
  • Anumāna occupies the next position. When an issue cannot be settled through sensory perception alone, it is settled based on Anumāna i.e. whichever argument is more logical.
  • When Pratyakṣa yields a definitive position on a particular issue, such a perception cannot be ignored to interpret śabda in a way which violates that perception.

Metaphysics

Ontology

The ontology in VishishtAdvaita consists of explaining the relationship between Ishvara (Parabrahman), the sentient beings (chit-brahman) and the insentient Universe (achit-brahman). In the broadest sense, Ishvara is the Universal Soul of the pan-organistic body consisting of the Universe and sentient beings. The description of the three ontological entities is given below:

Ishvara

Ishvara (denoted by Vishnu-Narayana) is the Supreme Cosmic Spirit who maintains complete control over the Universe and all the sentient beings, which together also form the pan-organistic body of Ishvara. The triad of Ishvara along with the universe and the sentient beings is Brahman, which signifies the completeness of existence. Ishvara is Parabrahman endowed with innumerable auspicious qualities (Kalyana Gunas). Ishvara is perfect, omniscient, omnipresent, incorporeal, independent, creator of the universe, its active ruler and also the eventual destroyer. He is causeless, eternal and unchangeable — and is yet the material and the efficient cause of the universe and sentient beings. He is both immanent (like whiteness in milk) and transcendent (like a watch-maker independent of a watch). He is the subject of worship. He is the basis of morality and giver of the fruits of one's Karma. He rules the world with His Māyā — His divine power.
Ishvara is considered to have a 2-fold characteristic: he is the indweller of all beings and all beings also reside in Ishvara.
Antarvyāpi
When Ishvara is thought of as the indweller of all beings, he is referred to as the paramātmān, or the innermost self of all beings.
He who inhabits water, yet is within water, whom water does not know, whose body water is and who controls water from within—He is your Self, the Inner Controller, the Immortal.
He who inhabits the sun, yet is within the sun, whom the sun does not know, whose body the sun is and who controls the sun from within—He is your Self, the Inner Controller, the Immortal - Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 3.7.4-14
Bahuvyāpi
When Ishvara is thought of as the all encomposing and the residence of all beings i.e. all beings reside in Ishvara, he is referred to as the paramapurusha. The sentient beings and the insentient universe which form part of the pan-organistic body of Ishvara are encapsulated by Ishvara.
Sarvam khalvidam Brahma Chandogya Upanishad
Isavasyam idam sarvam Isa Upanishad

Chit

Chit is the world of sentient beings, or of entities possessing consciousness. It is similar to the Purusha of Samkhya system. The sentient beings are called Jīvās and they are possessors of individual consciousness as denoted by "I". The scope of Chit refers to all beings with an "I" consciousness, or more specifically self-consciousness. Therefore all entities which are aware of their own individual existence are denoted as chit. This is called Dharmi-jnana or substantive consciousness. The sentient beings also possess varying levels of Dharma-bhuta-jnana or attributive consciousness
The jivas possess three different types of existence:
  • Nityas, or the eternally free Jivas who were never in Samsara
  • Muktas, or the Jivas that were once in Samsara but are free
  • Baddhas, or the Jivas which are still in Samsara

Achit

Achit is the world of insentient entities as denoted by matter or more specifically the non-conscious Universe. It is similar to the Prakriti of Samkhya system

Brahman

There is a subtle difference between Ishvara and Brahman. Ishvara is the substantive part of Brahman, while jivas and jagat are its modes (also secondary attributes), and kalyanagunas (auspicious attributes) are the primary attributes. The secondary attributes become manifested in the effect state when the world is differentiated by name and form. The kalyanagunas are eternally manifest.
Brahman is the description of Ishvara when comprehended in fullness– i.e., a simultaneous vision of Ishvara with all his modes and attributes.
The relationship between Brahman and Jivas, Jagat is expressed by Rāmānujā in numerous ways. He calls this relationship as one of:
  • sharIra/sharIrI (शरीर/ शरीरी) (body/indweller);
  • prakAra/prakArI (attribute or mode/substance);
  • ‌shesha/sheshi (Owned/owner);
  • amsha/amshI (part/whole);
  • AdhAradeya/sambandha (supporter/supported);
  • niyamya/niyanta (controlled/controller);
  • rashksya/rakshaka (redeemed/redeemer);
These relationships can be experienced holding Brahman as the father, son, mother, sister, wife, husband, friend, lover and lord. Hence, Brahman is a personal being.
  • What does Nirguna Brahman mean?
Ramanuja argues vehemently against understanding Brahman as one without attributes. Brahman is Nirguna in the sense that impure qualities do not touch it. He provides three valid reasons for staking such a claim:
Shruti/ Shabda Pramana: All shrutis and shabdas denoting Brahman always list either attributes inherent to Brahman or not inherent to Brahman. The shrutis only seek to deny Brahman from possessing impure and defective qualities which affect the world of beings. There is evidence in the shrutis to this regard. The shrutis proclaim Brahman to be beyond the tri-gunas which are observed. However, Brahman possesses an infinite number of transcendental attributes, the evidence of which is given in vakhyas like "satyam jnanam anantam Brahma" (Taittiriya Upanishad).
Pratyaksha Pramana: Ramanuja states that "a contentless cognition is impossible". And all cognition must necessarily involve knowing Brahman through the attributes of Brahman.
Anumana Pramana: Ramanuja states that "Nirgunatva" itself becomes an attribute of Brahman on account of the uniqueness of no other entity being Nirguna.

Theory of Existence

The three ontological entities i.e. Ishvara, Chit and Achit are fundamentally real. It upholds the doctrine of Satkaryavada as against Asatkaryavada.
Briefly,
  • Satkaryavada is pre-existence of the effect in the cause. It maintains that karya (effect) is sat or real. It is present in the karana (cause) in a potential form, even before its manifestation.
  • Asatkaryavada is non-existence of the effect in the cause. It maintains that karya (effect) is asat or unreal until it comes into being. Every effect, then, is a new beginning and is not born out of cause.
More specifically, the effect is a modification of what exists in the cause and does not involve new entities coming into existence. This is called as parinamavada or evolution of effect from the cause. This doctrine is common to the Samkhya system and Vishishtadvaita system. The Samkhya system adheres to Prakriti-Parinama vada whereas Vishishtadvaita is a modified form of Brahma-Parinama vada.

Kārya and kāraṇa

The kāraṇa (cause) and kārya (effect) in Vishishtadvaita is different from other systems of Indian Philosophy. Brahman is both the kāraṇa(cause) and the kārya(effect). Brahman as the cause does not become the Universe as the effect.
Brahman is assigned two kāraṇatvas (ways of being the cause):
  1. Nimitta kāraṇatva — Being the Efficient/ Instrumental cause. For example, a goldsmith is assigned Nimitta kāraṇatva as he acts as the maker of jewellery and thus becomes the jewellery's Instrumental cause.
  2. Upādāna kāraṇatva — Being the material cause. For example, the gold is assigned Upādāna kāraṇatva as it acts as the material of the jewellery and thus becomes the jewellery's material cause.
According to Vishishtadvaita, the Universe and Sentients always exist. However, they begin from a subtle state and undergo transformation. The subtle state is called a causal state, while the transformed state is called the effect state. The causal state is when Brahman is internally not distinguishable by name and form.
It can be said that Vishishtadvaita follows Brahma-Prakara-Parinama Vada. That is to say, it is the modes (Jivas and Jagath) of Brahman which is under evolution. The cause and effect only refer to the pan-organistic body transformation. Brahman as the Universal Self is unchanging and eternal.
Brahman having the subtle (sūkshma) chit and achit entities as his Saareeram/Prakaaram(body/mode) before manifestation is the same Brahman having the expanded (stūla) chit and achit entities as Saareeram/Prakaaram(body/mode) after manifestation.
The essential feature is that the underlying entity is the same, the changes are in the description of that entity.
For e.g. Jack was a baby. Jack was a small kid. Jack was a middle-aged person. Jack was an old man. Jack is dead
The body of a single personality named Jack is described as continuously changing. Jack doesnot become "James" because of the change.

Ethics

Souls and Matter are only the body of God. Creation is a real act of God. It is the expansion of intelligence. Matter is fundamentally real and undergoes real revelation. The Soul is a higher mode than Matter, because it is conscious. It is also eternally real and eternally distinct. Final release, that comes, by the Lord's Grace, after the death of the body is a Communion with God. This philosophy believes in liberation through one's Karmas (actions) in accordance with the Vedas, the Varna (caste or class) system and the four Ashramas (stages of life), along with intense devotion to Vishnu. Individual Souls retain their separate identities even after moksha. They live in Fellowship with God either serving Him or meditating on Him. The philosophy of this school is SriVaishnavism, a branch of Vaishnavism.

Interpretation of Mahāvākyas

1. sarvam khalv idam brahma from Chandogya Upanishad 3.14.1
Translated literally, this means All this is Brahman. The ontology of Vishishtadvaita system consists of:
a. Ishvara is Para-brahman with infinite superlative qualities, whose substantive nature imparts the existence to the modes
b. Jivas are chit-brahman or sentient beings (which possess consciousness). They are the modes of Brahman which show consciousness.
c. Jagat is achit-brahman or matter/Universe (which are non-conscious). They are the mode of Brahman which are not conscious.
Brahman is the composite whole of the triad consisting of Ishvara along with his modes i.e. Jivas and Jagat.
2. ayam ātmā brahma from Mandukya Upanishad 1.2
Translated literally, this means the Self is Brahman. From the earlier statement, it follows that on account of everything being Brahman, the self is not different from Brahman.
3. Tat tvam asi from Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7
Translated literally, it means Thou art that
that here refers to Brahman and thou refers to jiva
Rāmānujā chooses to take the position of universal identity. He interprets this passage to mean the subsistence of all attributes in a common underlying substratum. This is referred to as samānādhikaranya. Thus Rāmānujā says the purport of the passage is to show the unity of all beings in a common base. Ishvara (Parabrahman) who is the Cosmic Spirit for the pan-organistic body consisting of the Universe and sentient beings, is also simultaneously the innermost self (Atmān) for each individual sentient being (Jīvā). All the bodies, the Cosmic and the individual, are held in an adjectival relationship (aprthak-siddhi) in the one Isvara.
Tat Tvam Asi declares that oneness of Isvara.
When multiple entities point to a single object, the relationship is established as one of substance and its attributes.
For e.g. in a statement:
Jack is a tall and intelligent boy
The descriptors tall-ness,intelligence and boy-ness all refer to a common underlying Jack
Similarly, when the upanishads declare Brahman is the Universe, Purusha, Self, Prana, Vayu, and so on, the entities are attributes or modes of Brahman.
If the statement tat tvam asi is taken to mean as only the self is brahman, then sarvam khalv idam brahma will not make sense.

Understanding Neti-Neti

This is an upanishadic concept which is employed while attempting to know Brahman. The purport of this exercise is understood in many different ways and also influences the understaning of Brahman. In the overall sense, this phrase is accepted to refer to the indescribable nature of Brahman who is beyond all rationalisations.
The typical interpretation of Neti-Neti is not this, not this or neither this, nor that. It is a phrase meant to convey the inexpressibility of Brahman in words and the futility of trying to approximate Brahman with conceptual models.In VisishtAdvaita, the phrase is taken in the sense of not just this, not just this or not just this, not just that. This means that Brahman cannot be restricted to one specific or a few specific descriptions. Consequently, Brahman is understood to possess infinite qualities and each of these qualities are infinite in extent.

Purpose of Human Existence

The purpose or goal of human existence is called as PurushArtha. According to the Vedas, there are four goals namely Artha (wealth), kAma (pleasure), Dharma (righteousness) and Moksha (permanent freedom from worldly bondage). According to this philosophy, the first three goals are not an end by themselves but need to be pursued with the ideal of attaining Moksha.

Moksha

Moksha is a state where the jiva achieves one-ness with Brahman in terms of all knowership and possessing qualities free from all worldly evils and defects.

Bhakti as the means to attain Moksha

Bhakti Yoga is the sole means of liberation in Visishtadvaita. Through Bhakti (devotion), a Jiva ascends to the realm of the Lord, where it continues to delight in His service. Karma Yoga and Jnana Yoga are natural outcomes of Bhakti, total surrender, as the devotee acquires the knowledge that the Lord is the inner self. A devotee realizes his own state as dependent on, and supported by, and being led by the Lord, who is the Master. One is to lead a life as an instrument of the Lord, offering all his thought, word, and deed to the feet of the Lord. One is to see the Lord in everything and everything in Him. This is the unity in diversity achieved through devotion.

Thenkalai and Vadakalai schools of thought

Vedanta Desikan, one of the foremost learned scholars of medieval India, wrote more than a hundred works in Sanskrit and Tamil. All are characterised by their versatility, deep spiritual insight, ethical fervour and excellent expressions of devotional emotion in delightful style. His Paduka-sahasram is a classic example. He was a great teacher, expositor, debater, poet, philosopher, thinker and defender of the faith of Vaishnavism. The Vadakalai sect of Sri Vaishnavism associate themselves with Vedanta Desikan.
Pillai Lokacharya literally meaning "Teacher for the whole world" is one of the leading lights on the Sri Vaishnava Vedanta philosophy. His work Sri Vachana Bhusanam is a classic and provides the essence of Upanishads. The Tenkalai sect of Sri Vaishnavism looks up to him apart from Swami Ramanuja and Swami Manavala Mamuni. He was a senior contemporary of Vedanta Desika. He is said to have been born as an amsa ("essence") of Kanchi Devaraja (Varadaraja) Perumal to document and immortalize Ramanuja's message in the month of Aippaci under the star Thiruvonam (Sravana), in the year 1205 CE.. He is said to have lived for 106 years, during which time, he also helped to safeguard the idol of Ranganatha at Srirangam from Muslim invaders. Pillai Lokacharya confirmed the basics of the Sri Vaishnava system in his 18 monumental works popularly known as Ashtadasa Rahasyangal ("the eighteen secrets") also called the Rahasya granthas ("doctrines that explain the inner meanings") out of which Sri Vachana Bhushanam and Mumukshuppadi are the most famous. Manavala Mamuni expanded on and popularized Lokacharya's teachings arguments in Tamil.
The following are some of the differences between the two schools of thought :

Regarding Lord's mercy

Vadakalai View Some positive gesture is necessary on the part of the jeevatma to deserve the grace of God, because He can be deemed partial if He grants Moksha to all both deserving and undeserving.
Thenkalai View Lord's grace is spontaneous. He grants Moksha to anyone who accepts Him alone as the means to attain it and has the ripened desire to attain it.

Regarding the status of Lakshmi

(i) as to her being the means
(ii) as to her being infinite
(iii) as to her being Paramatma
Vadakalai View
(i) She is the means for attaining salvation as much as the Lord Himself and also has the role of a mediator (Purushakara)
(ii) She is infinite in nature (Vibhu) like the Lord Himself
(iii) She is also Paramatma as much as the Lord Himself
Thenkalai View
(i) Do not accept this position though they accept her recommendatory role as held by Vadakalais
(ii) She is atomic in nature like other Jeevatmas
(iii) She is a Jeevatma like any of us.

Regarding Kaivalya

Vadakalai View
(i) Accepted
(ii) Kaivalya is eternal
(iii) Kaivalya is situated Outside Paramapada
Thenkalai View
(i) Kaivalya is inferior to Paramapada
(ii) Kaivalya is not eternal
(iii) Kaivalya is within Paramapada but in its outermost parts.

Regarding the means of Bhakti and Prapatti

Vadakalai View Accept both as the direct means but Bhakti is more difficult and dilatory while Prapatti is easy and immediate
Thenkalai View Do not accept any means because Jeevatma is so utterly dependent as to be incapable of adopting either Bhakti or Prapatti as a means.

Regarding Prapatti

Vadakalai View Prapatti has to be a positive specific act of surrender by the jeevatma to the Paramatma
Thenkalai View No positive, specific act is necessary. All that is required is
(i) the knowledge of the Svarupa of the Jeevatma and
(ii) mental acceptance of the Lord's grace in granting salvation

Regarding sins

Vadakalai View When a jeeva surrenders, the Lord forgives the sins committed by the jeevatma and grants Moksha.
Thenkalai View The sins of a jeevatma is a source of joy for the Lord who relishes the same like a cow licking off the dirt on the body of its calf

Regarding performance of Compulsory duties like Sandhyavandanam

Vadakalai View As compulsory duties are laid down by the Sastras which are the Lord's commandments, non- performance will tantamount to transgression of His commands (Ajna adhilangana) and will render the Prapanna liable for punishment
Thenkalai View To a highly evolved soul, non-performance of the compulsory duties is not an offence. But, they should continue to do them more for setting an example to the less evolved souls.

Regarding the interpretation of the words "Sarva Dharman Parityajya"

Which occur in the Charama sloka
Vadakalai View The Dharmas actually refer to the 32 Vidyas attaching to Bhaktiyoga which had already been given up by the jeeva due to incapacity and delay involved in observing them and the Lord offers to stand in their place.
Thenkalai View This is literally interpreted to mean 'First, give up your duties and then take refuge in the Lord'

Regarding the Lord's grief at the suffering of the souls

Vadakalai View One can have grief only when one cannot remove suffering of another. But, the Lord is capable of removing suffering. So, there is no need for Him to grieve. As Sri Rama, He shows to the World how a human would feel and how one should react on seeing the misery of others.
Thenkalai View They hold that the Lord actually feels sorry on seeing the sufferings of souls and cite examples from Srimad Ramayana where Sri Rama is depicted as grieving over the misery of others.

Regarding the Lord's being

Also atomic as well as gigantic in size as mentioned in the Vedas.
Vadakalai View He is smaller than the atom in beings that are atomic in size. This is called 'Antar Vyapti' ( Immanence). He is also greater than the greatest in the sense He pervades and surrounds everything. This is called ' Bahir Vyapti'. (Transcendence)
Thenkalai View His being atomic in atoms and enveloping even the biggest are all, done by what is known as 'Agatitha Ghatana Saamartya' - special powers enabling accomplishment of even the impossible.

Traditions following Vishshtadvaita

VisishtAdvaita and Sri Vaishnavism

The Absolute Supreme Reality referred to as Brahman, is a Transcendent Personality. He is Narayana, also known as Lord Vishnu.
A man who has discrimination for his charioteer and holds the reins of the mind firmly, reaches the end of the road; and that is the supreme position of Vishnu. - 1.3.9 Katha Upanishad
Beyond the senses are the objects; beyond the objects is the mind; beyond the mind, the intellect; beyond the intellect, the Great Atman; beyond the Great Atman, the Unmanifest; beyond the Unmanifest, the Purusha. Beyond the Purusha there is nothing: this is the end, the Supreme Goal.- 1.3.10,11 Katha Upanishad
In terms of theology, Ramanujacharya puts forth the view that both the Supreme Goddess Lakshmi and Supreme God Narayana together constitute Brahman - the Absolute. Sri Lakshmi is the female personification of Brahman and Narayana is the male personification of Brahman, but they are both inseparable, co-eternal, co-absolute and are always substantially one. Thus, in reference to these dual aspects of Brahman, the Supreme is referred to in the Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya as Sriman Narayana.

Comparison with Western Non-dualism

Baruch Spinoza, the 17th century Dutch rationalist philosopher, in his magnum work Ethics establishes the nature of God. Spinoza's pantheism (i.e. God revealed as orderly nature) is comparable to Brahman (having the individual selves' and Universe as its body)
Spinoza makes the following propositions on the nature of God in his work "Ethics". These positions closely reflect the VishistAdvaitic position on the nature of Brahman:
PROPOSITION XI. God, or substance consisting of infinite attributes, of which each expresses eternal and infinite essentiality, necessarily exists.
PROPOSITION XV. Whatsoever is, is in God, and without God nothing can be, or be conceived.
PROPOSITION XVII. God acts solely by the laws of his own nature and is not constrained by anyone.
PROPOSITION XVIII. God is the indwelling and not the transient cause of all things.
PROPOSITION XIX. God and all the attributes of God are eternal.
PROPOSITION XXX. Intellect, in function finite, or in function infinite, must comprehend the attributes of God and the modifications of God, and nothing else.

Conclusion

Narayana is the Absolute God. The Soul and the Universe are only parts of this Absolute and hence, Vishishtadvaita is panentheistic. The relationship of God to the Soul and the Universe is like the relationship of the Soul of Man to the body of Man. Individual souls are only parts of Brahman. God, Soul and Universe together form an inseparable unity which is one and has no second. This is the non-duality part. Matter and Souls inhere in that Ultimate Reality as attributes to a substance. This is the qualification part of the non-duality.

See also

References

  1. ^ http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-9014610686337442954
  2. ^ http://sriramanujar.tripod.com/tVsv.html

External links

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sri vaishnavism



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Sri Vaishnavism

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Caste marks of the Iyengar Brahmins. In the image – Vadakali(left) and Thenkalai(right) tilakas.
Sri Sampradaya or Sri Vaishnavism is a Vaishnava sect within Hinduism. Its origin and codification is generally traced back to Sri, Mahalakshmi eternal consort of Lord Vishnu. Around the 10th century when a collection of the devotional hymns and songs by Alvars was organized by Sri Nathamuni, who is considered to be one of the pioneers of the sect.Nathamuni appeared as the pioneer who wrote Sanskrit works systematizing the Sri Vaishnava theology, largely in debate with Gauttama philosophy of Buddhism. He was followed by Yamunacharya a celebrated grand-teacher of Ramanujacharya. Alavandar, like Ramanuja, focused both on philosophical debates like dvaita vs. advaita and bhakti prayers and the works attributed to him are in Sanskrit although he codified the heritage of the Tamil alvars. Works attributed to him are In this tradition Vishnu is believed to be the source of all avatars. Vishnu is the name of God in the whole Vaishnavism and he is also known as Narayana, Vasudeva and Krishna and behind each of those names is a divine figure with attributed supremacy in Vaishnavism and each associated tradition believed to be distinct historically. The Iyengar Brahmins are followers of Ramanuja sampradaya, and two sects, namely Vadakalai and Thenkalai exist among them.
Sri Vaishnavism is a sub-denomination of Vaishnavism and a philosophical system of thought culminating in the philosophy of Visishtadvaita espoused by Ramanujacharya. Followers of Sri Vaishnavism, as Vaishnavas, generally worship Vishnu as the supreme God.

Origin

Earlier sources do not mention Sri, the consort of Vishnu. Sri becomes part of Vishnuism at a later stage and apparently Sri was worshiped independently before her cult was integrated into Vaishnavism. Now she is considered inseparable from Vishnu, who carries the mark of sri-vasa, ineradicably representing Sri, his consort. In later Gaudiya traditions she is identified with Radha. The prefix Sri is used for this sect because they give special importance to the worship of the Goddess Lakshmi,the consort of Vishnu, who they believe to act as a mediator between God and man. A major portion of Sri Vaishnava theology is based upon this tenet.

Subsects

Among the Iyengar Brahmins following Sri Vaishnavism, there are two sects, namely Vadakalai and Tenkalai. It is widely believed that the two sects are distinctly different in origin. But some believe the two subsects to have originated in the 14th century AD following a split in the Iyengar community.
  • The Vadakalai Iyengar community (Uttara Kalārya, Sanskrit: उत्तर कलार्य) follows the Sanskrit Vedas, and the set of rules prescribed by the Manusmriti and Dharma Shastras. The sect is based on the Sankritic tradition, and follows – Ramanuja and Vedanta Desika. The Vadakalai Iyengars are believed to be an Indo-Aryan people who once migrated from North India. In a genetic study, all individuals examined among Vadakalai Iyengars showed a high similarity of gene frequency with the people of Faislabad in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The Vadakalai community believes in the caste system, and championed the cause of purity of the vedic tenets. Traditionally, the Vadakalais believe in practising Karma yoga, Jnana yoga and Bhakti yoga, along with Prapatti, as means to attain salvation. Also, they consider Prapatti as an act of winning grace. The various Vadaklai monasteries are – Ahobila Mutt, Parakala Mutt, Srirangam Srimad Andavan Ashramam and Poundarikapuram Andavan Ashramam.
  • The Thenkalai Iyengar community (Tamil: தென்னாசாரிய சம்பிரதாயம்) follows the Tamil Prabandhams, and asserts primacy to rituals in Tamil language. They are followers of Ramanuja, Pillailokacharya and Manavala Mamuni. According to genetic studies, the Thenkalai gene frequencies are distinctly different from that of the Vadakalais. The Thenkalais reject the caste system. The Thenkalai society has also accepted a significant proportion of the non-Brahmin population into its fold. The sect seems to be liberal in its outlook, and so shapes the doctrine of the system as to make them applicable to non-Brahmin castes. Traditionally, Thenkalai accept Prapatti as the only means to attain salvation. They consider Prapatti as an unconditional surrender. The various Thenkalai monasteries are – Vanamamalai mutt and Sriperumdur mutt in Kanchipuram district and Tirukkoilur mutt in Viluppuram district.

Sri Vaishnava Thiruman

The Sri Vaishnavas wear the holy mark thiruman also known as Sricharanam on their forehead. Sri Vaishnavas generally wear two kinds of Thiruman marks known as Vadakalai Thiruman and Thenkalai Thiruman. The Vadakalai being more or less 'U' in shape and Thenkalai being 'Y' in shape. The Thiruman is known as Thiruman Kappu as it protects the one who is wearing it on the Forehead. So it is known as Thiruman Kappu – The Tamil word 'Kappu' means 'Protection'. The White color signifies the Almighty God-Head "Sriman Narayana" and the Red mark signifies His Divine Consort, the Mother of Entire Creation "Sri Mahalakshmi known as Thayar".

See also

References

  1. ^ S.Rangarajan (Sujatha) and T.S. Sundararajan. "Sri Nathamuni, and the path of twofold scripture". sriranganatha.tripod.com. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  2. ^ Narasimhacharya, Madabhushini (2004-01-01). Sri Ramanuja. p.15 ISBN 81-260-1833-X books.google.ie. ISBN 978-81-260-1833-8. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  3. ^ Matchett, Freda (2000). Krsna, Lord or Avatara? The relationship between Krsna and Visnu: in the context of the Avatara myth as presented by the Harivamsa, the Visnupurana and the Bhagavatapurana. Surrey: Routledge. p. 254. ISBN 0-7007-1281-X. p. 4 p. 200
  4. ^ Pg.25, Rural Society in Southeast India – by Kathleen Gough; Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York; ISBN 978-0-521-23889-2 hardback, ISBN 978-0-521-04019-8 paperback. Google Books. 1 January 1965. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  5. ^ Pg228, The religion of the Hindus – By Kenneth W. Morgan, Published by "Motilal Banarsidass", ISBN 81-208-0387-6. Google Books. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  6. ^ Swami Tapasyananda, Bhakti Schools of Vedanta, pg. 53, Ramakrishna Mission
  7. ^ Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). A Survey of Hinduism (3 ed.). State University of New York Press. p. 206. ISBN 0-7914-7081-4. "There is not even a mention of Sri, the consort of Vishnu in the earlier sources.."
  8. ^ Pg.71 Man in India, Volume 58, by Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur) – Pub’ A.K.Bose 1978. The source page mentions about the significant difference between the gene frequencies of vadakalai and thenkalai. Google Books. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  9. ^ "The changing Indian civilization: a perspective on India - Oroon K. Ghosh - Google Boeken". Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
  10. ^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 349
  11. ^ T. V. Kuppuswamy (Prof.), Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni (1966). History of Tamilakam. Darkness at horizon. Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira. p. 166.
  12. ^ Pg 205 Students' Britannica India. Google Books. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  13. ^ "Tamil Nadu, Religious Condition under Vijaya Nagar Empire". Tamilnadu.ind.in. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  14. ^ Pg.150 Dimensions of national integration: the experiences and lessons of Indian history – by Nisith Ranjan Ray, Punthi-Pustak & Institute of Historical Studies, 1993. Google Books. 28 November 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  15. ^ Pg.65 The Indian historical review, Volume 17 – Indian Council of Historical Research, Vikas Pub. House.,1990. Google Books. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  16. ^ "Astadasabhedanirnaya". Adityaprakashan.com. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  17. ^ Pg.129 Sociology of religion, Volume 1 – by Joachim Wach, University of Chicago press, 1944. Google Books. 3 November 1958. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  18. ^ Pg.107 Kabir, the apostle of Hindu-Muslim unity: interaction of Hindu-Muslim ideas in the formation of the bhakti movement with special reference to Kabīr, the bhakta – Muhammad Hedayetullah, Motilal Banarsidass publication, 1977. Google Books. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  19. ^ Oroon K. Ghosh (1976). The changing Indian civilization: a perspective on India. Minerva Associates (Publications). pp. 283, 160.
    Pg.283 refers to Vadagalai, as sanskritic and patriarchal people who had migrated from North India, while Pg.160 speaks about the brahmins who are aryans, following the sanskritic and patriarchal systems. A visible snippet view of the source is available as citation no. in the same article..
  20. ^ Pg.72, Aryans in South India – by P. P. Nārāyanan Nambūdiri, Inter-India Publications. The page classifies Vadagalai & Madhwas as aryans of south india, under the "Vaisnava" section. Google Books. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  21. ^ "Iyer and Iyengar". Difference Between. 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
  22. ^ "Prevalence of phenotypes & genes (pdf file) – Last page 10th line to the left has vadagalai specific reference while the whole article speaks about the gene frequencies of the people of Faislabad-Punjab-Pakistan" (PDF). Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  23. ^ Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture – by K.V.Raman. Google Books. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  24. ^ Pg.199 Philosophy of Nārāyaṇīyam, Dharma, Nārāyaṇabhaṭṭapāda, Study of Nārāyaṇīya of Nārāyaṇabhaṭṭapāda, verse work on Krishna, Hindu deity; Nag Publishers. Google Books. 1 February 1996. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  25. ^ "www.munitrayam.org(An exclusive vadakalai website) – ''Srimad Rahasya Traya Sara'' by Shri Vedanta Desika – under the subtopic ''Upaya Vibhaga Adhikara''". munitrayam.org. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  26. ^ Pg.35 Harmony of religions: Vedānta Siddhānta samarasam of Tāyumānavar – By Thomas Manninezhath, ISBN 81-208-1001-5. Google Books. 1 January 2004. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  27. ^ History of Sri Vaishnavism in the Tamil country post Ramanuja – by N.Jagadeesan, Koodal Publishers. Google Books. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  28. ^ "Invitation document from Poudarikapuram Ashramam – It is a Vadakalai Ashram – the invitation bears the Vadakalai Caste Mark with salutes to Ramanuja and Desika". Google. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  29. ^ "Thenkalai" (PDF). Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  30. ^ Human heredity, Volume 26; S. Karger (Firm), Karger., 1976. Google Books. 1 January 1967. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  31. ^ Pg.86 Encyclopaedia of Indian philosophy, Volume 1, by Vraj Kumar Pandey, Anmol Publications. Google Books. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  32. ^ Pg.108 Homage to a Historian:a festschrift – by N. Subrahmanian, Tamilanpan, S.Jeyapragasam, Dr. N. Subrahmanian 60th Birthday Celebration Committee, in association with Koodal Publishers. Google Books. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  33. ^ Pg.71 Man in India, Volume 58, by Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur) – Pub’ A.K.Bose 1978. Google Books. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  34. ^ The World of the Weaver in Northern Coromandel, c.1750-c.1850 – by P.Swarnalatha, Pub’ by Orient Longman, ISBN 81-250-2868-4. Google Books. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  35. ^ Rethinking a millennium: perspectives on Indian history from the eighth to ...By Rajat Datta, Harbans Mukhia, Published by Aakar Books; ISBN 978-81-89833-36-7. Google Books. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  36. ^ Pg.443 – ''The Indian economic and social history review, Volume 22'', Delhi School of Economics. Google Books. 10 March 2004. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  37. ^ Pg.61- ''Textiles and weavers in medieval South India'', by Vijaya Ramaswamy, Oxford University Press. Google Books. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  38. ^ Pg.58 The Orissal historical research journal, Volumes 42–43, by Kedarnath Mahapatra, Orissa (India). Superintendent, Research and Museum, Orissa State Museum. Google Books. 2 September 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  39. ^ Pg.141 The perfectibility of human nature in eastern and western thought -By Harold G. Coward, ISBN 978-0-7914-7336-8. Google Books. Retrieved 12 December 2011.

Further reading

  • Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (ISBN 0-500-51088-1) by Anna Dallapiccola
  • The Vernacular Veda: Revelation, Recitation, and Ritual (Univ of South Carolina Press, Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A. 1 January 1994), by Vasudha Narayanan
  • Understanding Hinduism, (ISBN 1844832015), by Vasudha Narayanan

External links

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Thursday, November 8, 2012

Yogic Breathing

Breathing is the most important biological function. On an average, a
person takes 15 breaths per minute, making it 900 breaths in an hour and
21,600 breaths in 24 hours. In every conscious breath, we touch the
higher power of the Self to reach the sheath of the soul.

Way To The Soul

Yogic breathing consists of four parts - Pooraka or Inhalation,
Abhyantara Kumbhaka or Retention of the inhaled breath, Rechaka or
Disciplined Complete Exhalation and Bhayakumbhaka or Retention after Exhalation.
In Pranayama, the sadhaka uses the body as a sacrificial altar.
Inhalation is like pouring ghee on the altar, exhalation is the flame
blazing out from the Yajnakunda.
Retention is in the form of Mantra, an offering so that the Self merges
and dissolves in the Universal Soul or Paramatma.
Below the navel is a great nerve centre which stores the extra Prana and
this is the Hawankhunda of the body where incineration takes place.
When you breathe through the left nostril you are awakening the human
consciousness and breath drawn in through the right nostril awakens
divine consciousness. When the breath is held either inside or outside
the body it embraces Shakti to enlighten the mind and attain spiritual bliss.
As you ascend in inhalation the sound resembles 'so' and in descending
exhalation, the sound resembles 'hum'. This is the 'sohum mantra' that
we repeat unknowingly throughout life. To be aware of this mantra and
the breath that we keep taking is the first step towards Pranayama that
takes us to the soul's doorstep.

The Divine Path

With every passing thought, our energy gets consumed, depleting our
Prana and creating ambush on our path. Breath is the messenger of the
body. Every action of life comes from Kama or desire that is creative
energy which leads us to Moha or attachment. If Kama is not handled
well, it can turn to Madha or arrogance and Krodha or anger. The highest
and purest form of desire is Karuna or compassion. When you inhale and
hold the breath within your body, compassion is awakened and there is a
renewal and reversal of arrogance.
 
Greed is destructive and gives rise to ahamkara or ego which paves the path of insecurity and jealousy and nibbles Prana away.
As you start inhaling through the opposite nostril,
the manipulative ego gets anchored with the Self and there is no room
for greed and undesirable emotions. The belly is the meeting point of
matter and soul and Bhayakumbhaka is its apex.

Breath Control

In part one, you inhale through your right nostril, blocking the left
nostril with the little finger of your right hand.
 In part two, you hold the breath inside the body, closing the right nostril with the thumb.
In part three, you exhale through the left nostril, releasing the little
finger while the right nostril is closed.
In part four, you hold the breath outside after a complete exhalation.
 Repeat the round by inhaling now through the left nostril in part one and proceed to complete the cycle as before.

Benefits Of Pranayama

1. Pranayama frees the mind from any clutter that is obstructing soul growth
2. Helps memory and concentration and improves focus and balance
3. Tackles the problem of insomnia and anger, bringing peace and calm
4. Improves the health of the heart, lungs, brain and the digestive system
5. Corrects the metabolic rate to overcome obesity and helps in weight loss
6. Builds up immunity and helps you fight infections and diseases
7. Purifies the aura and alleviates energy loss

5-15 minutes of Pranayama can bring about a dramatic change in
your physical, emotional, psychological and spiritual well-being
 
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Saturday, August 4, 2012

Kalyanotsavam

Kalyanotsavam
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Kaliyugam pratyaksha devatha slokam

Kaliyugam pratyaksha devatha slokam
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Kaliyugam pratyaksha devatha slokam

Kaliyugam pratyaksha devatha slokam
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Vaikhanasa Worship at Srivari Temple, Tirumala

Vaikhanasa Worship at Srivari Temple, Tirumala
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